میزان فرسایش و رسوب در حوضه آبخیز دريان (شمال غرب سمنان)

•   آرشیو : نسخه زمستان1396
•   موضوع : موضوعی تعریف نشده!
• نویسنده/گان : سارا نری میسا، جواد درویشی خاتونی، طاهره جلیلیان
•   چکیده :
  رخداد و گسترش فرسايش خاك موجب تغييرات بارز در منظر زمين و پسرفت اراضي و تخريب محيط زيست مي شود. به منظور شناسايي مهمترين عوامل موثر در فرسايش اراضي جهت معرفي راهبردهاي كلان برای پيشگيري و مهار فرسايش حوضه آبخيز دريان انتخاب شد. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی مناطق حساس به فرسایش و انواع آن، برآورد میزان فرسایش و شدت رسوبدهی حوضه آبخیز و شیوه های کنترل آن می باشد. روش مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش، برآورد میزان فرسایش و رسوب زایی با استفاده از روش تجربی ام پسیاک (MPSIAC ) می باشد. نتايج حاصل از فرسايش تابعي از ارتفاع متوسط بارندگي و دماي متوسط سالانه هوا، شيب و جهت اراضي، سازندهاي زمين شناسي، منابع اراضي، نوع خاك و ويژگي هاي مربوط به آن، نوع و تيپ گياهي، نحوه استفاده از اراضي و متوسط سالانه ارتفاع رواناب هاي سطحي مي باشد. اما در اين ميان شيب اراضي، نوع سازند، عمق خاك، ميزان املاح محلول و ميزان سديم قابل تبادل موجود در خاك، بيشترين تاثير را در شكل گيري و گسترش فرسايش دارند. هدف از این مطالعه شناسایی مناطق حساس به فرسایش و انواع آن، برآورد میزان فرسایش و شدت رسوبدهی حوضه آبخیز و شیوه های کنترل آن می باشد. بر اين اساس مناسب ترين راهبردهاي كلان جهت پيشگيري از رخداد فرسايش و گسترش آن در منطقه مورد مطالعه و حوضه هاي آبخيز مشابه، جلوگيري از تمركز رواناب هاي سطحي همراه ، اصلاح كاربري اراضي و مديريت پوشش گياهي در اراضي است. این روزها هیدروژل ها در میان محققان جایگاه بسیار مهمی را به خود اختصاص داده اند. هیدروژل ها در حال حاضر در طیف های مختلفی از صنعت، بخصوص صنعت پزشکی دنیا به کار میروند. به این دلیل، محققان به گسترش مدل های مکانیکی پرداخته اند تا بتوانند از زوایای مختلف این مواد را تحت بررسی قرار داده و شناختی مناسب در مورد نحوه رفتار این مواد بدست آورند که با توجه به هدف تحقیق، مدل های ارائه شده متفاوت میباشند. بررسی ساختار و تشخیص رفتار میکروساختار این مواد با استفاده از مدل های تحلیلی آسان تر خواهد شد. پس مطالعه در مورد تئوری های بیان شده در جهت تحلیل رفتار این مواد بسیار با اهمیت است و برای استفاده بهینه از آن ها در صنعت، باید وقت زیادی را صرف کرد تا بتوان رفتار مکانیکی را پیش بینی کرد.
  این مقاله مروری در نظر دارد تا پیشرفت های صورت گرفته در زمینه بررسی خواص مکانیکی هیدروژل ها را، بخصوص روش ترکیبی پروالاستیسته و ویسکوالاستیسیته که روش اصلی حل این مواد میباشد را، برای خواننده بیان کند تا خواننده بتواند دید کلی و تا حدی کامل از این زمینه تحقیقاتی در اختیار بگیرد. تلاش شده است تا در حین بررسی موضوعات مربوطه، مهمترین مراجع جهت مطالعه بیشتر معرفی شود تا با هزینه کردن وقتی کمتر، سریعتر به شناختی درخور دست یافت.
•   کلید واژه : هیدروژل،الاستومر،ژل های پلیمری،پروالاستیسیته،پروویسکوالاستیسیته
•   Title : A review on poro-viscoelasticity in hydrogles
•   Abstract :
  Nowadays, hydrogels are being noticed by a great number of scientists all around the world. Thanks to special properties of hydrogels, hydrogels are compatible material, having a great range of medical applications. Softness, flexibility, bio-compatibility and high water content, hydrogels are a great choice for being used in medical industry. As a result, hydrogel have attracted a great deal of attention and scientist are about to get a better cognition regarding the mechanical behaviors of these materials by development of new mathematical models.
  These models are mostly based on the interactions between the solvent molecules and polymer matrix in the structure of the compressible gels. These interactions can cause deformation in the sample by the presence of fluid flow or polymer matrix reformation. Deformations are the main reason of stress in material and scientist have proposed different theories to investigate the relations between the stresses and the components of polymeric gels.
  One of the proposed theories is called poro-viscoelasticity which is a combinations of elasticity and viscoelasticity behaviors in materials. In this paper, we are about to review the progresses that have been made in this area by other researchers.
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